The Cheetahs of Iran “Asiatic Cheetahs”

 Tiger Protection Group (TPG)

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Although the Asiatic Cheetah is presumed to be extinct in India, it used to be known as the Indian Cheetah. Today, world’s last few Asiatic Cheetah are known to survive in Iran, which is why it is now also known as the Iranian Cheetah. The head and the body of the adult Asiatic Cheetah measure from 112 to 135 cm with a tail length between 66 and 84 cm. It can weigh from 34 to 54 kg, but the male is slightly larger than the female. Females, unlike males, do not establish a territory, which means they travel within their habitats, sometimes migrating long distances. Cheetah is the world’s fastest land animal and is the most unique and specialized member of the cat family and can reach the speeds of 70 mph. Unlike the other cats, it has a leaner body, longer legs. With its weak jaws and small teeth, it cannot fight larger predators to protect its kills or young. It is often mistaken for a leopard. Its distinguishing marks are the long teardrop-shaped lines on each side of the nose from the corner of its eyes to its mouth. It is aerodynamically built for speed and is endowed with a powerful heart, oversized liver, and large, strong arteries.

► DISTRIBUTION

☛ Asiatic Cheetah once ranged from Arabia to India, through Iran, central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan, particularly numerous in India and Iran. But today, it is only found in Iran, with some occasional sightings in Baluchistan, Pakistan.
☛ The Mughal Emperor of India, Akbar, was said to have had 1,000 Cheetahs at one time (something depicted in many Persian and Indian miniature paintings.)
☛ From the beginning of twentieth century, the species was already heading to extinction in many areas.
☛ The last physical evidence of the Asiatic Cheetah in India was three shot by the Maharajah of Surguja in 1947 in eastern Madhya Pradesh.
☛ By 1990, the Asiatic Cheetah appeared to survive only in Iran.
The population is Iran are the last remaining representatives of the Asian lineage.

► FEEDS ON

☛ Cheetahs are the only big cats that can be tamed and trained to hunt gazelle. It preys on small antelopes.
☛ In Iran, its diet consists mainly of Jebeer Gazelle( also called Chinkara) , Goitered Gazelle, wild sheep, wild goat and Cape Hare.
☛ In areas where their wild prey is in decline, they are forced to eat livestock.
They turn to hunting domestic animals because they could not survive on smaller prey.

► STATUS & THREATS

☛ The Asiatic Cheetah is a critically endangered subspecies of the Cheetah. Estimated to number more than 200 during the 1970s and a very few are left now.
☛ Estimates based on field surveys over ten years indicate a remaining population of 70-100 Asiatic Cheetahs, most of them in Iran.
☛ The Cheetah’s habitat is under threat from desertification, increasing agriculture, residential settlements and declining prey- caused by hunting and degradation by pastures by overgrazing from introduced livestock.
☛ Habitat loss from mining development and poaching of Asiatic Cheetah is also threatening their population in Iran.
☛ The numerous constraints regarding the Cheetah’s conservation contribute to its general susceptibility and it’s very complex conservation requirements, e.g., its low fertility rate, the high mortality rate due to genetic factors, and the fact that females are the ones who select mates, have been reasons why captive breeding has had such a poor record.
☛ All living Cheetah have very limited genetic diversity due to a near-extinction event some 12,000 years ago.

► CONSERVATION EFFORTS

☛ Iran’s Department of the Environment, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) have launched the Conservation of the Asiatic Cheetah Project (CACP) designed to preserve and rehabilitate the remaining areas of Cheetah habitat left in Iran.
☛ Cheetah Friends: Another incentive in the region is the formation of young core groups of Cheetah Friends, who after a short instructive course, are able to educate people and organize Cheetah events and have become an informational instance in Cheetah matters for a number of villages.
☛ In January 2010, Iran and Russia jointly announced plans to revive both the Asiatic Cheetah and the Amur Tiger species in and around the Caspian region through a joint project in the near future.
☛ India is interested in cloning the Cheetah to reintroduce it to the country, but Iran refused to send a male and a female Cheetah. Also in May 2012, India’s Supreme Court suspended attempts to introduce African Cheetahs following the publication of newer genetic evidence, which suggests that the Asian and African Cheetahs are genetically very distinct.

Image Copyrights: IR DoE/CACP/WCS/UNDP

 

Finding the Last Cheetahs of Iran

Posted by Luke Hunter of Panthera on October 25, 2012

newswatch.nationalgeographic.com

This week, National Geographic magazine published extraordinary new images of wild Asiatic cheetahs in Iran. Shown cresting a barren, mountainous ridge devoid of green, Iran’s cheetahs could not be any more distant–geographically and ecologically–from their African counterparts pictured in the same article navigating tourist traffic-jams on Kenyan grasslands. And unlike Kenya’s spectacularly photogenic cheetahs, Iranian cats are virtually invisible. Intensely shy, scattered like grains of sand over Iran’s vast central plateau, and hovering on the edge of extinction, they are essentially impossible to see.

That National Geographic was able to photograph these rarest of cheetahs is testament to 11 years of conservation work by the Iranian Department of Environment. In 2001, with support from the United Nations Development Programme, the DoE initiated a comprehensive long-term program to pull the cheetah back from the extinction cliff. The ambitious “Conservation of the Asiatic Cheetah Project” (CACP) designated five landscapes as specially protected cheetah reserves and provided the resources to make them safe havens–dozens of dedicated cheetah guards, new vehicles, motorbikes and other materiel. Alongside the necessity of vigorous protection, the CACP mounted a nationwide campaign to draw attention to the cheetah’s plight. Back then, most Iranians had no idea they were the custodians of the last Asiatic cheetahs on earth. By the time of my first visit to Iran in 2004, that had already changed. When buying supplies in a roadside store in a tiny, remote desert town, I saw a CACP poster pinned behind the counter showing Marita, then the only Asiatic cheetah in captivity (Marita died in 2003: Koshki, shown on page 115 of the magazine, is one of two captive Asiatic cheetahs in the world today). The ancient shopkeeper proudly told me his village was in the heart of yuz palang country and that only Iran has the cheetahs; he was correct on both counts.

The surveys corroborate what Iranian biologists have long suspected: There are fewer than 100 Asiatic cheetahs left on Earth.

The CACP also initiated the first scientific surveys of cheetahs. Assisted by the Wildlife Conservation Society and later my organization Panthera (both groups still cooperate with the Department of Environment in conserving the cheetah), the CACP began camera-trapping. Camera-traps–remote triggered cameras that silently capture images of anything passing by–were unknown in Iran prior to the CACP. Today, the project has completed 24 massive surveys logging almost 34,000 camera-trap nights (10 individual camera-traps running for one night equals 10 trap-nights). From the original five core areas known to harbor cheetahs, they have been confirmed from a further 10 sites in the country. Evidence of residency and breeding including terrific pictures of young cubs, is now confirmed from 10 of the 15. Incredibly, even though this herculean effort has produced tens of thousands of images of wildlife, cheetahs have been photographed on fewer than 400 occasions in more than a decade. The surveys corroborate what Iranian biologists have long suspected–there are fewer than 100 Asiatic cheetahs left on Earth.

Formidable Challenge

It was these incredibly long odds that faced Geographic photographer Frans Lanting when he hit the ground in April 2011. I accompanied Frans on this first expedition to help find promising sites for his high-end version of the camera-trap–digital SLRs linked to multiple flashes and inch-wide sensor beams positioned with blow-torch precision to trigger the shot. Everything hinged on being able to anticipate where the cheetahs would move. It was a formidable challenge given the arid enormity of their desert habitat where identifying cheetah-friendly locations felt like looking for pennies on a sandy beach. Not only that, Iranian cheetahs live at the lowest density recorded anywhere for the species, one to two cats per 1,000 square kilometers; the same-size area on East African plains can hold 100 cheetahs.  So, even if we found a site with promise–a freshwater spring, scent-marking tree or natural trail–it might be months before a cheetah happened along.

Fortunately for us, the expedition had more expertise than my semi-educated guesses. From their years of surveying, the CACP scientists as well as biologists from the Persian Wildlife Heritage Foundation and the Iranian Cheetah Society had built up a very detailed picture of how cheetahs move through the forbidding landscape. Iranian field knowledge was the reason the mission had any chance at all. Guided by their know-how, our desert trip became a whirlwind “greatest hits” tour of good cheetah sites, the best of which Frans was able to select for his cameras. Combining exquisite Iranian field knowledge with Frans’ technical wizardry and perfect composition, the resulting images are a spectacular first.

Iranian field knowledge was the reason the mission had any chance at all.

My hope is that National Geographic’s wonderful photographs bring the predicament of this critically endangered cat to a new audience who, like most Iranians a decade ago, had never heard of the cheetah’s existence in the country. I also hope the photos celebrate the dedication of the Iranian Department of Environment, the CACP staff and Iran’s energetic NGO community to conserving the cheetahs. Here in the West, we are rarely given such a positive glimpse into Iran without the over-heated rhetoric of politics. As the only country on Earth that has managed to keep this remarkable cat alive, Iran deserves to be congratulated.

Photograph by Frans Lanting:

Rescued as a cub from the hands of a poacher, five-year-old Koshki grew up in a reserve in northeast Iran. He’s one of only two Asiatic cheetahs living in captivity. A thick tuft of fur on his shoulders, needed for bitter winters on the high steppes of central Iran, sets him apart from African cheetahs.

See more of Lanting’s photography in the November 2012 issue of National Geographic Magazine.

Visit Frans Lanting’s website.